Sources
Every source referenced in the presentation, organised by slide.
02The Political Landscape
Ed Miliband
Sky News interview — clean energy will bring down bills (December 2024)
Chris Skidmore
Mission Zero: Independent Review of Net Zero (January 2023)
Nigel Farage
Aberdeen speech on net zero and deindustrialisation (June 2025)
Kemi Badenoch
Policy Renewal Programme speech (March 2025)
PollCheck
UK voting intention — 7-poll rolling average (March 2026)
04The Good — Decarbonisation
05Europe’s Electricity Right Now
06The Bad — Electricity Prices
DESNZ
QEP Table 2.2.4 — Average domestic electricity unit prices (nominal, inc. VAT)
U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA)
Table 9.8 — Average retail residential electricity price (c/kWh), converted to p/kWh at FRED EXUSUK annual rate
ONS Annual Survey of Hours and Earnings
Median and percentile gross earnings, full-time employees (2000–2025)
07The Most Expensive Industrial Electricity in the Developed World
08The Ugly
CNBC
Tata Steel to close UK blast furnaces with loss of up to 2,800 jobs (January 2024)
CF Industries
Proposal to permanently close ammonia plant at Billingham Complex — high UK gas prices (August 2023)
British Glass / Hansard
British Glass Industry debate — energy price crisis threatening sector extinction (July 2022)
Energy Connects / Reuters
Stellantis threatens to pull out of UK over high costs and EV mandate (June 2024)
Hansard
Cost of Energy: Ceramics Sector — parliamentary debate on energy bills crippling Stoke-on-Trent (January 2023)
EIUG / DESNZ
UK industrial electricity prices highest of all IEA members — damaging competitiveness (2024)
09Energy Is Everything
10Energy & Prosperity
World Bank
GDP per capita, current US$ (NY.GDP.PCAP.CD)
World Bank
Electric power consumption, kWh per capita (EG.USE.ELEC.KH.PC)
World Bank
Population, total (SP.POP.TOTL)
World Bank
Country and Lending Groups — income classifications
Ember
Yearly Electricity Data — demand per capita
Our World in Data
Per capita electricity demand
Energy for Growth Hub
Electricity consumption vs income per capita chart (original)
11Energy is Leverage
12Why Is It So Expensive?
Ed Miliband
Energy UK Conference 2024 keynote — fossil fuel exposure drove the bills crisis (September 2024)
Dale Vince
Gas sets the price of all electricity — X/Twitter (April 2025)
Greg Jackson
Octopus Energy CEO — the global energy crisis is a fossil fuel crisis (2023)
Keir Starmer
PM statement on cost of living — fossil-fuel exposure driving bills (2024)
Dhara Vyas
Energy UK CEO — wholesale gas costs driving electricity bills (2024)
Prof Rob Gross
UKERC Director — gas prices are the principal driver (2024)
13How We Price Wholesale Energy
14Levelised Cost of Electricity
15What’s in Your Bill? (Part 1)
electricitybills.uk
UK electricity bill component tracker — historical breakdown by cost family
OFGEM
Wholesale cost allowance methodology — Annex 2
OFGEM
Network cost allowance methodology for electricity — Annex 3
OFGEM
Policy cost allowance methodology (RO, FiT, ECO, WHD) — Annex 4
NESO
TNUoS and BSUoS tariff forecasts
NESO
2025 Annual Balancing Costs Report — outturn costs and volumes 2018/19–2024/25 (June 2025)
16What’s in Your Bill? (Part 2)
17Don’t Take It from Me
18Dieter Helm on Energy Policy
19Allocation Round 7 Results
21Why Are We Reluctant to Course-Correct?
Notes
- Energy vs Income chart: R² = 0.83 on log-log axes. Bubble size scaled to population. Colours indicate World Bank income classifications.
- Ethiopia is temporarily unclassified by the World Bank for FY2026; treated as Low income (its historical classification).
- Ireland's GDP per capita ($105k) is inflated by multinational corporate activity (“leprechaun economics”).